Mohammed Chadli
Présentation
Mohammed Chadli (SM’09, M‘99) received his MScEng (DEA) from the Engineering School INSA-Lyon (France, 1999) and from “Ecole Normale Sup.” (Mohammedia, Morocco), the Ph.D. thesis in Automatic Control from the University of Lorraine (UL), CRAN-Nancy in 2002 and his habilitation in 2011 at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV) Amiens. He was Lecturer and Assistant Professor at the “Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine” (UL, 2000-2004). Since 2004, he was Associate Professor at the UPJV and is currently a Full Professor at the University Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, IBISC Lab., France. He was a visiting professorship at the TUO-Ostrava (Czech Rep.), UiA (Norway), SMU-Shanghai (2014-2017), NUAA-Nanjing (2018, 2019), and the University of Naples Federico II (Italy, 2019).
Dr. Chadli’s research interests include filtering and control problems (FDI, FTC) and applications to vehicle systems, intelligence systems, network systems, and cyber-physical systems. He is the author of books and book chapters (Wiley, Springer, Hermes), numerous articles published in international refereed journals and conference proceedings, and listed in “100 000 Leading Scientists in the World”.
Dr. Chadli is a senior member of IEEE. He is on the editorial board (Editor, Associate Editor) of several international journals, including the IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Automatica, the IET Control Theory and Applications, the Franklin Institute Journal, Asian Journal of Control … and was a Guest Editor for Special Issues in international journals. He now serves as the Chair of the IEEE France Section Control Systems Society Chapter, and Vice Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies (Univ Evry).
Domaines de recherche
Compétences
Publications
Publications
|
|
Incremental Input-to-State Stability criterion for adaptive Echo State Network systemsJoint 9th IFAC Symposium on System Structure and Control (SSSC), 19th IFAC Workshop on Time Delay Systems (TDS), and 2nd IFAC Workshop on Control of Complex Systems (COSY), IFAC, Jun 2025, Gif-sur-Yette, France |
Fault Detection for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems with Unknown Dynamics Using Distributed Autoencoder23rd European Control Conference (ECC 2025), Jun 2025, Thessaloniki, Greece. pp.868--873, ⟨10.23919/ECC65951.2025.11186896⟩ |
|
Finite Time Robust Flocking of Second-Order Linear AgentsIEEE 19th International Conference on Control & Automation (ICCA 2025), Jun 2025, Tallinn, Estonia. pp.775--780, ⟨10.1109/ICCA65672.2025.11129766⟩ |
|
Enhanced Robust Consensus Control for Uncertain T-S Fuzzy Multi-Agent SystemInternational Conference on Electrical Systems & Automation (ICESA 2025), Oct 2025, Troyes, France. pp.1-6, ⟨10.1109/ICESA66763.2025.11280860⟩ |
|
Multi-Agent Energy Optimization: Laplacian Weights Tuning using Fréchet Discrete Gradient23rd European Control Conference (ECC 2025), Jun 2025, Thessaloniki, Greece. pp.292--297, ⟨10.23919/ECC65951.2025.11187001⟩ |
|
Trustworthiness of Stochastic Gradient Descent in Distributed Learning23rd European Control Conference (ECC 2025), Jun 2025, Thessaloniki, Greece. pp.2199--2204, ⟨10.23919/ECC65951.2025.11187286⟩ |
|
|
|
Trustworthy Efficient Communication for Distributed Learning Using LQ-SGD Algorithm33rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO 2025), Sep 2025, Palermo, Italy. pp.1917--1921, ⟨10.23919/EUSIPCO63237.2025.11226134⟩ |
Graph Topology and Time Delay Relations in Linear Second-Order Consensus Laws33rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED 2025), Jun 2025, Tangier, Morocco. pp.299--304, ⟨10.1109/MED64031.2025.11073271⟩ |
|
Lightweight Trustworthy Distributed Clustering37th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC 2025), May 2025, Xiamen, China. pp.2549--2554, ⟨10.1109/CCDC65474.2025.11090494⟩ |
|
Static Output Feedback Based Consensus Control of T-S Fuzzy Multi-agent Under Parametric Uncertainties Using Fuzzy Lyapunov Function6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2024), Nov 2024, Khenchela, Algeria. pp.55--63, ⟨10.1007/978-981-95-1113-6_6⟩ |
|
|
|
Fault Tolerant Control for descriptor systems using the concept of virtual actuator and virtual sensor28th International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC 2024), Oct 2024, Sinaia, Romania. pp.509--514, ⟨10.1109/ICSTCC62912.2024.10744649⟩ |
|
|
Consensus Control for T-S Fuzzy Multi-Aagent Systems with Parametric Uncertainties12th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes (SAFEPROCESS 2024), Jun 2024, Ferrara, Italy. pp.705--710, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.07.302⟩ |
Distributed Joint Fault Estimation for Multi-Agent Systems Via Dynamic Event-Triggered CommunicationThe 63rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2024), Dec 2024, Milano, Italy |
|
|
|
A Virtual Actuator and Sensor Approach for Event-Triggered Fault-Tolerant Control of Multi-Agent Systems12th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes (SAFEPROCESS 2024), Jun 2024, Ferrara, Italy. pp.282--287, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.07.231⟩ |
|
|
Reconfiguration-based fault tolerant control algorithm for LPV descriptor systems5th IFAC Cyber-Physical-Human Systems, Dec 2024, Antalya, Turkey. pp.290-295, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2025.01.196⟩ |
|
|
Non-linear multi-agent systems control: A closed-form solution7th IFAC Conference on Analysis and Control of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos (ACNDC 2024), Jun 2024, London, United Kingdom. pp.120--125, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.07.073⟩ |
Bi-level Energy Management Based on Convex Optimization for Hybrid Electric Vehicle6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2024), Nov 2024, Khenchela, Algeria. pp.326--336, ⟨10.1007/978-981-95-1113-6_35⟩ |
|
|
|
Dynamic event-triggered control for multi-agent systems with adjustable inter-event time: a moving average approachSociété d’Automatique, de Génie Industriel et de Productique SAGIP 2023, Jun 2023, Marseille, France. ⟨10.36227/techrxiv.23043713.v1⟩ |
|
|
Distributed Observer-Based Dynamic Event-Triggered Control of Multi-Agent Systems with Adjustable Inter-Event Time62nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2023), Dec 2023, Singapore, Singapore. pp.2391--2396, ⟨10.1109/CDC49753.2023.10383670⟩ |
Improved Dynamic Event-Triggered Consensus Control for Multi-Agent Systems with Designable Inter-Event Time *31st Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED 2023), Jun 2023, Limassol, Cyprus. pp.818--823, ⟨10.1109/MED59994.2023.10185702⟩ |
|
Tracking Power Photovoltaic System with Robust Polynomial Output Feedback Control Strategy19th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD 2022), May 2022, Sétif, Algeria. pp.2059--2064, ⟨10.1109/SSD54932.2022.9955694⟩ |
|
Robust L_2 Proportional Integral Observer Based Controller Design with Unmeasurable Premise Variables and Input Saturation16th European Workshop on Advanced Control and Diagnosis (IFAC-ACD 2022), Nov 2022, Nancy, France |
|
H∞ Static Output Feedback Control for Path Tracking of Autonomous Vehicles with input constraints19th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD 2022), May 2022, Sétif, Algeria. pp.1688--1693, ⟨10.1109/SSD54932.2022.9955841⟩ |
|
Robust Active Fault Tolerant Tracking Control for Constrained NLPV System Subject to Sensor and Actuator Faults5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2022), Nov 2022, Khenchela, Algeria. pp.343--356, ⟨10.1007/978-981-97-0045-5_32⟩ |
|
|
|
Event-triggered fault-tolerant leader-following control for homogeneous multi-agent systems11th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes, Safeprocess 2022, Jun 2022, Pafos, Cyprus. ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.07.109⟩ |
$\mathscr{H}_{\infty}$ Static Output Feedback Controller Design for Singular Fractional-Order Systems20th European Control Conference (ECC 2022), Jul 2022, London, United Kingdom. pp.118--123, ⟨10.23919/ECC55457.2022.9838112⟩ |
|
Fault-Tolerant Predictive Control with Sensor Faults5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2022), Nov 2022, Khenchela, Algeria. pp.439--453, ⟨10.1007/978-981-97-0045-5_40⟩ |
|
Fuzzy reference model $H_{\infty}$ integral fuzzy maximum power tracking of WECS based-on DFIG19th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD 2022), May 2022, Sétif, Algeria. pp.152--157, ⟨10.1109/SSD54932.2022.9955730⟩ |
|
|
|
Dynamic anti-windup controller design for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems under saturations4th IFAC Conference on Embedded Systems, Computational Intelligence and Telematics in Control (CESCIT 2021), Jul 2021, Valenciennes, France. pp.124--129, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.10.021⟩ |
Assessment of a Low-Cost Angle-Meter Based on Resistance Measurements24th IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and 22nd International Workshop on ADC and DAC Modelling and Testing, Sep 2020, Palermo, Italy. pp.353--358 |
|
$H_{\infty}$ memory observer design for vehicle suspension state estimation and unknown road reconstruction28th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED 2020), Sep 2020, Saint-Raphaël, France. pp.479-483, ⟨10.1109/MED48518.2020.9183121⟩ |
|
|
|
Fuzzy-based Dissipative Consensus for Multi-Agent Systems with Markov Switching Topologies21st IFAC World Congress 2020, Jul 2020, Berlin, Germany. pp.4127--4131, ⟨10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.2446⟩ |
Robust $\mathcal{L}_{2}$ Control for Uncertain T-S Descriptor Model with Input Saturation28th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED 2020), Sep 2020, Saint-Raphaël, France. pp.428-433, ⟨10.1109/MED48518.2020.9183083⟩ |
|
|
|
Robust Fuzzy Model Predictive Control with time delays for Nonlinear Systems14th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems (INTELS 2020), Dec 2020, Moscow, Russia. pp.109--119, ⟨10.1016/j.procs.2021.04.129⟩ |
Preliminary Study of Numerical Corrector for a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Incinerator2018 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROL, DECISION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (CODIT), Apr 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece. pp.69-74 |
|
Multi-variable industrial processes identification : Case of bubbling fluidized bed sewage sludge incinerator2016 24TH MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION (MED), Jun 2016, Athens, Greece. pp.803-808 |
|
|
|
Hinfinity Tracking Observer-Based Control of the Buck Power ConvertersSEB 2012 Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 2012, Berlin, Heidelberg, France. pp.169--176 |
Fault tolerant tracking controller design for T-S fuzzy disturbed systems with uncertainties subject to actuator faults16th Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA 2011, Sep 2011, Toulouse, France. ⟨10.1109/ETFA.2011.6059077⟩ |
|
Admissibility of singular switched systems: LMI formulation18th IFAC World Congress, IFAC WC'2011, Aug 2011, Milan, Italy. pp.CD-ROM |
|
Robust fuzzy control for stabilization of a quadrotorInternational Conference on Advanced Robotics ICAR, Jun 2011, Tallinn, Estonia, France. pp.6 |
|
|
|
Design of a fuzzy observer for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model for fault detection and isolation7th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety of Technical Processes, Safeprocess 2009, Jun 2009, Barcelonne, Spain. pp.CDROM, ⟨10.3182/20090630-4-ES-2003.00183⟩ |
Stabilisation of singular LPV systems17th IFAC World Congress, Jul 2008, Seoul, South Korea. pp.CDROM |
|
Static output stabilisation of singular LPV systems: LMI Formulation47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC'08, Dec 2008, Cancun, Mexico. pp.CDROM |
|
|
|
Fault detection and isolation using sliding mode observer for uncertain Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model16th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'08, Jun 2008, Ajaccio, France. pp.286-291, ⟨10.1109/MED.2008.4602239⟩ |
|
|
Design of sliding mode unknown input observer for uncertain Takagi-Sugeno model15th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'07, Jun 2007, Athènes, Greece. pp.CDROM, ⟨10.1109/MED.2007.4433753⟩ |
|
|
A discrete-time sliding window observer for markovian switching system45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC06, Dec 2006, San Diego, United States. pp.2661-2666, ⟨10.1109/CDC.2006.377684⟩ |
|
|
Synthèse d'un multiobservateur robuste pour multimodèle incertain à entrées inconnues : approche LMI.Conférence Internationale Francophone d'Automatique, CIFA'2006, May 2006, Bordeaux, France. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Unknown input multiple observer based approach. Application to secure communications.1st IFAC Conference on Analysis and Control of Chaotic Systems, CHAOS06, Jun 2006, Reims, France. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Quadratic stability and stabilisation of interval Takagi-Sugeno model: LMI approach13th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'05, Jun 2005, Limassol, Cyprus. pp.1035-1038, ⟨10.1109/.2005.1467156⟩ |
|
|
Estimation of state and unknown inputs of a non linear system represented by a multiple model11th IFAC Symposium on Automation in Mining, Mineral and Metal processing, MMM 2004, Sep 2004, Nancy, France. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Data reconciliation: a robust approach using contaminated distributionAmerican Control Conference, ACC'2004, Jun 2004, Boston, United States. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Stabilisation of Takagi-Sugeno models with maximum convergence rateIEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, FUZZ-IEEE 2004, Jul 2004, Budapest, Hungary. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Multiquadratic stability and stabilization of continuous-time multiple-model11th IFAC Symposium on Automation in Mining, Mineral and Metal processing, MMM 2004, Sep 2004, Nancy, France. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Non quadratic stabilization of multiple models12th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'04, Jun 2004, Kusadasi, Turkey. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Design of robust observer for uncertain Takagi-Sugeno modelsIEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, FUZZ-IEEE 2004, Jul 2004, Budapest, Hungary. pp.CDROM |
|
|
State estimation of uncertain multiple model with unknown inputs43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC'04, Dec 2004, Atlantis, Paradise Island, Bahamas. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Sliding mode multiple observer for fault detection and isolation42th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Dec 2003, Hawaii, United States. pp.953-958, ⟨10.1109/CDC.2003.1272690⟩ |
|
|
Multiple observers for discrete-time multiple modelsSafeprocess'2003, Jun 2003, Washington, United States. pp.CDROM |
|
|
On the stability of a class of multiple models42th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Dec 2003, Hawaii, United States. pp.6458-6459, ⟨10.1109/CDC.2003.1272367⟩ |
|
|
State estimation via multiple observer with unknown inputs : Application to the three tank system5th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes, Safeprocess'2003, Jun 2003, Washington, United States. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Static output feedback for Takagi-Sugeno systems: an LMI approach10th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, MED'2002, Jul 2002, Lisbonne, Portugal. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Observer-based controller for Takagi-Sugeno modelsIEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC'02, Oct 2002, Hammamet, Tunisia. pp.6 |
|
|
Nonquadratic stability analysis of Takagi-Sugeno models41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC'02, Dec 2002, Las Vegas, United States. pp.2143-2148, ⟨10.1109/CDC.2002.1184847⟩ |
|
|
Output stabilisation in multiple model approach to modellingInternational Conference on Control Applications, CCA'02, Sep 2002, Las Vegas, United States. pp.1315-1320, ⟨10.1109/CCA.2002.1038797⟩ |
|
|
An LMI formulation for output feedback stabilization in multiple model approach41st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, CDC'02, Dec 2002, Las Vegas, United States. pp.311-316, ⟨10.1109/CDC.2002.1184510⟩ |
|
|
Stability and stabilisability of continuous Takagi-Sugeno systemsJournées Doctorales d'Automatique, JDA 2001, Sep 2001, Toulouse, France. pp.CDROM |
|
|
On the stability analysis of multiple model systemsEuropean Control Conference, ECC'2001, Sep 2001, Porto, Portugal. pp.CDROM |
|
|
Relaxed stability conditions for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systemsIEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC'2000, Oct 2000, Nashville, United States. pp.3514-3519, ⟨10.1109/ICSMC.2000.886553⟩ |
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications – Volume 26th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2024), Nov 2024, Khenchela, Algeria. 1472, Springer Nature Singapore, pp.461, 2026, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, ⟨10.1007/978-981-95-1113-6⟩ |
|
|
|
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Applications (ICEECA 2019), Springer, 2019, 978-981-15-6402-4. ⟨10.1007/978-981-15-6403-1⟩ |
Guest Editorial: Emerging Trends in Safety-Critical Issues for Intelligent Automation SystemsIEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 22, pp.17221--17226, 2025, ⟨10.1109/TASE.2025.3575215⟩ |
|
Special issue on “emerging control techniques for mechatronic and transportation systems”Asian Journal of Control, 23 (5), pp.2039-2358, 2021, Asian Journal of Control, ⟨10.1002/asjc.2695⟩ |
|
|
Control of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI ApproachSpringer Nature Switzerland, 292, pp.282, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 978-3-031-87381-2. ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9⟩ |
AETA 2015: Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering and Related SciencesSpringer Cham, 371, 2016, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 978-3-319-27245-0. ⟨10.1007/978-3-319-27247-4⟩ |
|
|
|
Computer Intelligence in Modeling, Prediction, and Analysis of Complex Dynamical SystemsIvan Zelinka, Ajith Abraham, Otto Rossler, Mohammed Chadli, and Rene Lozi. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 62 p., 2015, The Scientific World Journal, ⟨10.1155/2015/948512⟩ |
Outils d'analyse et de synthèse des multimodèlesHermès, 192 p., 2012 |
Event-Triggered Controller Design for Multi-Agent SystemsEncyclopedia of Systems and Control Engineering, 2, Elsevier, pp.289--302, 2026, ⟨10.1016/B978-0-443-14081-5.00124-0⟩ |
|
Stability Analysis of Fractional-Order SystemsControl of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI Approach, 292, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.21-43, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9_2⟩ |
|
Overview on Fractional CalculusControl of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI Approach, 292, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.1-20, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9_1⟩ |
|
H$$_{\infty }$$ Control for Fractional-Order SystemsControl of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI Approach, 292, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.73--88, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9_4⟩ |
|
Admissibility Analysis of Singular Fractional-Order SystemsControl of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI Approach, 292, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.89--138, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9_5⟩ |
|
$$\mathcal {H}_{\infty }$$ Control for Singular Fractional-Order SystemsControl of Singular Fractional Order Systems: LMI Approach, 292, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.221--257, 2025, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-87382-9_7⟩ |
|
Robust Saturated Control Based Static Output Feedback for Steering Control of the Autonomous Vehicle via Non Quadratic Lyapunov FunctionAdvances in Robust Control and Applications, 474, Springer Nature Singapore, pp.203--234, 2023, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-981-99-3463-8_8⟩ |
|
SOS-Based Robust Control Design Subject to Actuator Saturation for Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic SystemAdvances in Robust Control and Applications, 474, Springer Nature Singapore, pp.53--85, 2023, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-981-99-3463-8_3⟩ |
|
Robust L2 Proportional Integral Observer Based Controller Design with Unmeasurable Premise variables and Input SaturationRecent Developments in Model-Based and Data-Driven Methods for Advanced Control and Diagnosis, 467, Springer Nature Switzerland, pp.355--365, 2023, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, ⟨10.1007/978-3-031-27540-1_31⟩ |
|
Predictive control for delay systems: theory and applicationsControl Strategy for Time-Delay Systems, Elsevier, pp.143-178, 2021, ⟨10.1016/B978-0-32-385347-7.00011-0⟩ |
|
Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Representation to Modelling and State EstimationIvan Zelinka; Václav Snášel; Ajith Abraham. Handbook of Optimization : From Classical to Modern Approach, Springer, pp. 451-479, 2013, 978-3-642-30503-0 |
Combined Deep KKL and NMPC for Modeling Muscle Co-contraction Under Measurement Delays2026 |
|
|
|
Lightweight Trustworthy Distributed Clustering2025 |
|
|
PINN-Based Parameters And Input Joint Estimation Of Nonlinear Systems With Non-Gaussian Noise2025 |
|
|
Trustworthy Efficient Communication for Distributed Learning using LQ-SGD Algorithm2025 |
|
|
Trustworthiness of Stochastic Gradient Descent in Distributed Learning2024 |
Stabilité et commande de systèmes décrits par des multimodèlesAutre. Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, 2002. Français. ⟨NNT : 2002INPL089N⟩ |
|
|
|
Stabilité et commande de systèmes décrits par des multimodèles : Approche LMIAutomatique / Robotique. Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2002. Français. ⟨NNT : ⟩ |